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Rand Paul released Fauci's pandemic-era 'diary.' Now they'll face off on Capitol Hill
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Rachel Carlson
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Jonathan Lambert
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Ari Daniel
Dr. Anthony Fauci waits for the start of a Senate Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs committee hearing on Capitol Hill in Washington, DC, on July 29, 2026. Alex Wroblewski / AFP/Getty Images hide caption
Anthony Fauci declined to answer any questions before a Senate committee focused on the coronavirus pandemic Wednesday morning.
"Although it pains me to do so, because of the respect I have for the legislative branch of government, and my decades-long record of cooperating with Congress, under the advice of my attorneys, I will invoke my right under the Fifth Amendment of the Constitution to refrain from answering your questions," Fauci said in front of the Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Committee.
At the hearing, Fauci pointed out that he has responded to similar questions in previous testimony. And Fauci accused the senator of being obsessed with trying to get him behind bars.
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In a thread on X over the weekend, Paul wrote that the diary entries show what Fauci "wrote privately and what he told the country are two different stories."
A spokesperson for Fauci sent a document fact-checking Paul's claims and a letter written by Fauci's legal team to Paul last month. In that letter, Fauci's lawyers wrote Paul was waging a "years-long public crusade" against Fauci.
Fauci prosecuted for imaginary crimes, and you are so invested in that outcome that you have created a personal brand around it," says the letter, which NPR reviewed.
Paul did not respond to NPR's requests for comment in time for publication. It is also unclear how Paul obtained the Fauci diary documents, though a video posted Tuesday on X by Health Secretary Robert F. Kennedy Jr.
On Paul's website, he points to Fauci's entry from Feb. 1, 2020, detailing a conference call between Fauci and prominent scientists.
In his notes, Fauci writes "there was not total agreement" about the virus' origins during the call.
Felicia Goodrum, a virologist at Dartmouth College who spoke to NPR on Monday from the American Society for Virology meeting in Minneapolis, says the questions in the early days of the pandemic about the lab leak were "normal scientific questioning," when scientists knew very little about how the virus spread.
"I think that's what we acknowledge that Fauci was doing, that there's of course a plethora of unanswered questions," she said of the early days of the pandemic. Now, though, she says those questions are presented as "some sort of signal of guilt that they knew that this was happening."
Gigi Gronvall, a biosecurity expert and immunologist, similarly says these kinds of questions are part of scientific exploration.
"It's not unusual that people would be entertaining a variety of opinions or thinking about a lot of different theories and holes in their theories as they go forward," she says.
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− Fauci, who was subpoenaed to appear by Kentucky Senator and committee chair Rand Paul, has long sparred with the senator over the origins of the coronavirus that caused the pandemic.
+ Fauci, the country's leading infectious disease specialist during the COVID-19 pandemic, was subpoenaed to appear by Kentucky senator and committee chair Rand Paul.
− Days before Wednesdays' hearing, Paul released over 1,000 pages of Fauci's private writings, accusing him of covering up origins of COVID-19.
+ He has long sparred with the senator over the origins of the coronavirus that caused the pandemic.
+ Days before Wednesday's hearing, Paul released over 1,000 pages of Fauci's private diary entries about his daily life between December 2019 and 2022, accusing him of covering up the origins of COVID-19. The entries span the final years of his tenure as director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID). He retired in December 2022.
− The hearing comes days after Paul released diary entries he says were written by Dr.
+ Paul posted the documents over the weekend, took them down on Monday evening and reposted them by Tuesday morning with redactions.
− Anthony Fauci – the country's leading infectious disease specialist during the COVID-19 pandemic – that chronicle Fauci's daily life between December 2019 and December 2022.
+ Paul also released a 465-page "prequel," a collection of Fauci documents including records and email exchanges from 2001 to 2015.
− The over 1,100 pages of entries span the final years of his tenure as director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID).
+ On his website, Paul pointed to Fauci's entry from Feb.
− He retired in December 2022.
+ 1, 2020, detailing a conference call between Fauci and prominent scientists.
− Shots - Health News 'Lab Leak,' a flashy page on the virus' origins, replaces government COVID sites Sen. Rand Paul, R-Ky., posted the documents over the weekend, took them down on Monday evening and reposted them by Tuesday morning with redactions. Paul also released a 465-page "prequel," a collection of Fauci documents including records and email exchanges from 2001 to 2015.
+ In his notes, Fauci writes "there was not total agreement" about the virus' origins during the call.
− This was all in advance of Wednesday's Senate hearing, where Fauci will testify.
+ Later in his entries, however, Fauci writes he "is almost certain that the virus evolved naturally from a species jump, even though … I keep an open mind about the possibility of a lab leak," and "that just because two alternatives are possible that does not mean that they are equally probable."
Many scientists say this thought process reflects how their consensus changed as the understanding of COVID-19 evolved.
− The hearing follows years of debate about the pandemic's origins, and whether the virus that causes COVID-19 emerged from a Chinese laboratory.
+ The hearing follows years of debate about the pandemic's origins, and whether the virus that causes COVID-19 emerged accidentally or intentionally from the Wuhan Institute of Virology, a Chinese laboratory which has studied bat coronaviruses.
− Goats and Soda Why The U.S.
+ Goats and Soda What does the science say about the origin of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic?
− Government Stopped Funding A Research Project On Bats And Coronaviruses Paul chairs the Senate Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Committee, and subpoenaed Fauci as the latest move in the pair's public disagreement about the origins of coronavirus.
+ The lab is located in the city where the first cases of COVID were recorded.
+ Paul alleges Fauci's notes show he covered up evidence supporting this "lab leak" theory.
− Shots - Health News Trump restricts funding for 'gain-of-function' research — calling it dangerous "You are single-mindedly fixating on seeing Dr.
+ "You are single-mindedly fixating on seeing Dr.
− mentions digging them "out of 11 separate servers."
Shots - Health News Scientists Debate If It's OK To Make Viruses More Dangerous In The Lab What Fauci's notes reveal At first glance, Fauci's notes show him dealing with his increasing fame: including references to new security details, police guarding his home, celebrity encounters and "becoming an international celebrity" himself.
+ mentions digging them "out of 11 separate servers."
The current scientific consensus is that SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, is likely natural in origin.
− The notes have the sentence fragments and typos of someone quickly recording their thoughts.
+ In a report issued in June 2025, the World Health Organization stated: "the weight of available evidence … suggests zoonotic spillover … either directly from bats or through an intermediate host."
That conclusion was based on three years of research by the 27 members of The WHO Scientific Advisory Group for the Origins of Novel Pathogens.
− "Big front page article abut me appeared in the Washington Post," Fauci writes on May 21, 2020.
+ NPR's reporting has supported that theory.
− "Very flattering.
+ In 2024, we covered an analysis by a team of scientists that included prominent names such as Michael Worobey and Angela Rasmussen.
− The situation with my national and international fame is explosive and really unimaginable.
+ NPR noted that their research, published in the peer-reviewed journal Cell, "shows with unprecedented granularity — down to the individual market stall — that coronavirus-susceptible wildlife and the SARS CoV-2 virus were mingling, along with human beings, in a very specific part of the Wuhan market."
Goats and Soda New research points to raccoon dogs in Wuhan market as pandemic trigger.
− It is not hyperbole to say that today I am the most famous and talked about person in the country and one of the most recognizable peson in the world."
Shots - Health News NIH Lifts Ban On Research That Could Make Deadly Viruses Even Worse But the entries also show Fauci reacting with increasing alarm to case counts and the death toll and wrestling with questions about how the virus spread.
+ It's controversial The Trump administration has in the past advanced the theory that the pandemic was caused by the virus escaping the Wuhan Institute of Virology. Leaked cables from the State Department raised concerns about safety protocols at the Wuhan lab.
− The current scientific consensus is that the virus is likely natural in origin.
+ Supporters of the lab leak theory note scientists' analyses relied on incomplete data provided by the Chinese government.
Among U.S.
− That means many scientists think the available data suggests COVID-19 started when someone in China was infected by an animal carrying the virus.
+ government agencies, some lean toward supporting a natural origin for the virus, while others — including the Department of Energy and the Federal Bureau of Investigation — support a lab origin, although the former has "low confidence" about its conclusion.
− However, another theory popular with some researchers and President Donald Trump suggests SARS-CoV-2, the virus which causes COVID-19, spread from a Chinese government lab in Wuhan that was working with bat coronaviruses.
+ NPR reported at the time that "low confidence" meant "the information used in the analysis is scant, questionable, fragmented, or that solid analytical conclusions cannot be inferred from the information," according to the federal government.
− Goats and Soda What does the science say about the origin of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic?
+ One thing is certain: Six years after the start of the pandemic, there is still debate.
The director-general of the World Health Organization, Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, offers this perspective: "As things stand, all hypotheses must remain on the table, including zoonotic spillover and lab leak.
− Paul alleges Fauci's notes show he covered up evidence supporting this "lab leak" theory.
+ We continue to appeal to China and any other country that has information about the origins of COVID-19 to share that information openly, in the interests of protecting the world from future pandemics."
Paul alleges the notes show Fauci's private consideration of the lab leak theory, while he publicly supported the natural origins theory.
− Shots - Health News As Republicans probe COVID's origins, some see an attack on science; others say it's long overdue Later in his entries, however, Fauci writes he "is almost certain that the virus evolved naturally from a species jump, even though… I keep an open mind about the possibility of a lab leak," and "that just because two alternatives are possible that does not mean that they are equally probable."
Many scientists say this thought process reflects how their consensus changed as the understanding of COVID-19 evolved.
+ Later in his entries, however, Fauci writes he "is almost certain that the virus evolved naturally from a species jump, even though… I keep an open mind about the possibility of a lab leak," and "that just because two alternatives are possible that does not mean that they are equally probable."
Many scientists say this thought process reflects how their consensus changed as the understanding of COVID-19 evolved.
− "That's kind of what science is all about."
The focus of the lab leak theory is the Wuhan Institute of Virology in China.
+ "That's kind of what science is all about."
Joseph Kim contributed to this report.
− Part of the ongoing controversy has been whether a U.S. nonprofit helped the Wuhan Institute facilitate what's known as "gain-of-function" research that some believe led to the pandemic.
This kind of research involves experimenting with viruses and other pathogens in ways that give them new abilities. Often, this can help researchers better understand how the viruses work, or how they might become more dangerous or transmissible. The field has long been controversial because of the potential for dangerous pathogens to spill out of labs and cause a pandemic.
The group in question was a U.S. nonprofit called EcoHealth Alliance that researched bat coronaviruses. This included a years-long project in China, which EcoHealth ran in collaboration with the Wuhan Institute of Virology.
At the end of April 2020, the U.S. government stopped funding the project.
Many experts disagreed with the decision, saying that work was vital to preventing the next major coronavirus outbreak. The nonprofit's president at the time, Dr. Peter Daszak, said terminating coronavirus research posed a threat to national security and public health.
In January 2025, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) cut off all funding for EcoHealth and Daszak.
President Trump also restricted funding for gain-of-function research with an Executive Order in May 2025, and on Tuesday the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) released a policy it says will establish more oversight for this kind of research.
The Trump administration advanced the theory that the pandemic was caused by the virus escaping the Wuhan Institute of Virology. Leaked cables from the State Department raised concerns about safety protocols at the Wuhan lab.
But as information evolved, scientists cast doubt on what came to be known as the lab leak theory. NPR's Geoff Brumfiel and Emily Kwong spoke to 10 leading scientists in 2020 who all believed the virus spread from animals to humans. They said their analyses of the virus showed no signs of human genetic modification, and that it infected people in a way scientists had never seen before — making laboratory engineering unlikely.
The following year, in February 2021, a joint investigation between China and the World Health Organization (WHO) similarly concluded that COVID-19 likely started in bats and made its way into humans via another animal.
At the time, however, the WHO Director-General Dr. Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus criticized the report, saying the team hadn't done enough work to completely rule out the lab leak theory.
U.S. government agencies continued to investigate the pandemic's origins in the following years.
In August 2021, U.S. intelligence agencies failed to reach a firm conclusion — and remained divided on the origins of COVID-19.
In 2023, the U.S. Department of Energy concluded, "with low confidence," COVID-19 originated from a lab leak. This was in direct conflict with many scientists who study the origins of pandemics, who said much of the evidence still pointed to a natural origin.
A Republican-led Select Subcommittee on the Coronavirus Pandemic concluded in December 2024 that a lab leak was the most likely explanation for SARS-CoV-2. They also suggested NIH funds contributed to gain-of-function research at the Wuhan Institute of Virology.
Some scientists say there is simply not enough information to make a firm conclusion about how the outbreak began.
"In my view it's important to keep investigating this question with an open mind while also proactively taking steps to minimize the risks of both future research-related and zoonotic outbreaks," evolutionary virologist Jesse Bloom wrote in an email to NPR.
Goodrum says the focus on Fauci's stance may erode public trust in research.
"I think they're trying to sow distrust in science and scientists," she says.
She says many virologists are concerned that funding cuts and the ongoing tension regarding the pandemic's origins are already hindering research focused on preventing the next pandemic.
"We are less safe. We are less prepared for a pandemic right now than we were in 2019," says Goodrum. "And this is terrifying to all of us."
Joseph Kim contributed to this report.